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Interventions & technologies · cellular reprogrammingPartial reprogramming is a preclinical rejuvenation strategy, not a human anti-aging treatmentPreclinicalthe strongest systemic findings are from cells and mice, not human trialsIdentity risktoo much reprogramming can erase cell state or create pluripotent cellsDeliverydose, timing, tissue targeting and reversibility remain central problemsClock gapyounger molecular markers do not by themselves prove … Read more

Biomarkers & testing · biological ageBiological-age tests measure selected aging signals, not your remaining lifespanDifferent clocksepigenetic, proteomic, clinical and imaging models are not interchangeableAge gapdescribes a model residual, not extra or missing years of lifeRepeatabilitytechnical error and regression to the mean can mimic changeClinical gapno consumer result is a universally validated healthspan surrogateEvidence verdict: Biological-age … Read more

Biology of aging · cellular senescenceCellular senescence is a family of states, not a uniform “zombie cell”Growth arrestnecessary, but not sufficient for diagnosisContext matterstransient senescence can aid repair and tumor suppressionSASP variessecretory programs differ by trigger and tissueHuman gapno single specific circulating marker existsEvidence verdict: Cellular senescence is a heterogeneous family of stress-associated cell states, … Read more

Supplements & molecules · polyamine biologySpermidine has a plausible autophagy mechanism, but human longevity evidence is still limitedNatural polyaminemade by cells and found in foodsModel evidencelifespan and healthspan signals are strong in several organismsHuman RCTssmall, heterogeneous and mixedPrimary endpointthe 12-month SmartAge memory result was nullEvidence verdict: Spermidine is a biologically plausible autophagy-linked geroprotective molecule with … Read more

Supplements & molecules · mitochondrial quality controlUrolithin A has human muscle evidence, not proof of longer lifeHuman RCTsmiddle-aged and older-adult studies existMuscle signalsselected strength and endurance outcomes improvedMixed endpointssome primary physical-function measures were nullLongevity gaphuman lifespan extension has not been shownEvidence verdict: Urolithin A has one of the more developed human evidence bases among mitochondria-targeted … Read more

Biology of aging · cellular recyclingAutophagy supports maintenance, but “more” is not a human longevity prescriptionCore processlysosome-mediated recycling of cellular materialMany formsmacroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagyFlux mattersstatic markers do not prove completed degradationHuman gapno validated threshold where “more” equals slower agingEvidence verdict: Autophagy is fundamental to cellular maintenance and is required for many lifespan-extending interventions … Read more

Biology of aging · mitochondrial quality controlMitophagy is a network, not a single “cellular cleanup switch”Multiple routesPINK1/Parkin is important but not exclusiveDynamic processdelivery to lysosomes matters as much as taggingHuman gapstatic markers rarely measure completed fluxOutcome-specificmore mitophagy is not automatically betterEvidence verdict: Mitophagy is a central mitochondrial quality-control process associated with aging and age-related disease. … Read more

Biology of aging · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryMitochondrial dysfunction in agingSystems problemnot simply less ATPQuality controlrepair, removal, remodeling and renewalTissue-specificmuscle, brain, immune and heart biology differInterventionshuman evidence remains outcome-specificEvidence verdict: Mitochondrial aging is not simply “less ATP.” It involves interacting failures in quality control, dynamics, proteostasis, mitophagy, biogenesis, redox signaling, mitochondrial DNA integrity … Read more

Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryGlyNAC and agingBiological rationaleglycine and NAC support glutathione synthesisSmall human trialssignals in redox, mitochondria and functionAttribution limitthe components were tested togetherLongevity claimhuman lifespan extension unprovenEvidence verdict: Small human trials suggest that combined glycine and N-acetylcysteine can improve glutathione status and several metabolic, oxidative-stress, mitochondrial and functional … Read more

Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryGlycine and longevityAnimal signalsmall lifespan increase in heterogeneous miceBiological rationaleglutathione, collagen, creatine and methylationHuman evidenceshort, mixed and physiologically specificLongevity claimhuman slowing of aging unprovenEvidence verdict: Glycine extends lifespan modestly in genetically heterogeneous mice and is biologically relevant to glutathione, collagen, creatine and one-carbon metabolism. Human evidence … Read more