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Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryTaurine and longevityPreclinical signallifespan and healthspan in model organismsHuman biomarker debateage associations are inconsistentSupplement evidencemetabolic and physiological endpointsLongevity claimhuman anti-aging efficacy unprovenEvidence verdict: Taurine extended lifespan and improved health measures in several model organisms, but later longitudinal and human data challenged the idea that taurine deficiency … Read more

Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat creatine means for longevity Comparatively strongmuscle and strength evidenceBest with trainingresistance exercise contextPromisingbut limited cognition evidenceUnprovenlifespan extension Evidence verdict: Creatine has comparatively strong human evidence for supporting lean mass and strength in older adults, particularly alongside resistance training. Cognitive evidence is promising but substantially less … Read more

Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat NR means for longevity Reliableraises NAD-related metabolitesGenerally toleratedin short human trialsMixedclinical outcomesUnprovenslower aging or longer life Evidence verdict: Nicotinamide riboside reliably raises NAD-related metabolites in humans and appears generally well tolerated over short-to-medium trials, but most clinical outcomes are inconsistent or null. Selected biomarker signals … Read more

Supplements and molecules · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat NMN means for longevity Biologically activeraises NAD-related biomarkersShort-termhuman tolerability is generally favorableMixedfunctional and metabolic outcomesUnprovenslower aging or longer human life Evidence verdict: Oral NMN increases NAD-related biomarkers in humans and has generally been well tolerated in short trials, but evidence that it improves clinically meaningful … Read more

Biology of aging · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat NAD+ means for aging Essentialmetabolic and redox cofactorContextualdifferent pools in different tissuesReliableNR and NMN raise biomarkersInconsistenthuman healthspan outcomes Evidence verdict: NAD+ is central to energy metabolism, redox chemistry and signaling, and age-related NAD dysregulation is biologically plausible. But human evidence for a universal age-related decline … Read more

Biology of aging · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat AMPK means for aging Centralcellular energy sensorConnectedto mTOR, autophagy and sirtuinsStrongmechanistic and model evidenceUnprovenhuman lifespan extension Evidence verdict: AMPK is a central cellular energy sensor that coordinates catabolic metabolism, mitochondrial adaptation and autophagy while intersecting with mTOR and sirtuin signaling. It is strongly implicated in … Read more

Biology of aging · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summaryWhat mTOR means for aging Strongconserved nutrient-sensing biologyReproduciblelifespan effects in several modelsMixedhuman physiological signalsUnprovenhuman lifespan extension Evidence verdict: mTOR—especially mTORC1—is one of the most conserved and experimentally supported nutrient-sensing pathways in aging. Inhibiting mTOR extends lifespan across multiple model organisms, but that does not establish that … Read more

State of the field · evidence reviewed September 2026 Evidence summary The short answer Establishedhealthspan can be measured with clinical and functional outcomes Usefulaging clocks can stratify risk and track signals Unprovenno clock is a universal surrogate for lifespan Experimentalmost geroprotectors lack definitive human outcome evidence Bottom line: longevity science can increasingly measure biological aging … Read more